In my latest reading of G.K. Beale's The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, Beale talked about Revelation 12-13.
Regarding Revelation 12,
Beale talks about how the serpent fell from heaven. According to
Beale, Satan in Revelation 12 was defeated through the blood of Jesus
Christ. How? Well, Satan accuses people before God and, when Christ
paid the penalty for people's sin, there was no longer any basis to
Satan's accusation, at least when it comes to believers. Moreover, as a
result of Christ's death, people were entering God's dominion and
leaving that of Satan. But Satan attacks believers through the floods
of deception and persecution, and Beale interprets the part of
Revelation 13 about the healing of the Beast's deadly wound in light of
that sort of concept: that, although Satan is defeated, it looks to many
as if such is not the case. And yet, according to Beale on
page 688, "Whenever believers withstand persecution, deception, and
compromise, the devil and his agents are seen as continuing to be
defeated..."
I have not read all of what Beale has to say about Revelation 13.
But he says something quite interesting on page 682, concerning the
Beast who comes out of the sea and the second beast who comes from the
land. Beale speculates that we should consider the perspective of
people in Asia Minor to understand these beasts. People in Asia Minor
saw Romans come to them by sea, to Ephesus, and so the first beast
represents Rome (though Beale does not believe that the Beast of Revelation 13 should be
limited to Rome, for, to him, it relates to the entire church age
between Christ's two comings, plus Beale acknowledges that there may be
an intense manifestation of the Beast soon before Christ's second
coming). The second beast, the one
from the land, represents the "native political and economic
authorities" of Asia Minor, Beale contends. This makes sense to me. Revelation
2-3 is about the struggles of Christians in Asia Minor against
persecution and idolatry. Moreover, in the same way that the second
beast promoted the worship of the first beast, so likewise did parts of
Asia Minor promote emperor worship.
One more interesting
item before I close this post. On page 687, Beale states: "In 4 Ezra
12:12-13 God tells the seer that the interpretation given to Daniel that
the fourth kingdom was Greece is not wrong but now that kingdom is to
be identified as Rome." In that passage, God tells the seer that the
fourth beast of Daniel's vision was not explained to Daniel as it is
explained to the seer. This stood out to me because an interest
of mine is how ancient interpreters interacted (if they did interact)
with the literal-historical meaning of the biblical text while also
seeking to apply it to their own times.