Thomas M. Crisp, Steven L. Porter, and Gregg A. Ten Elshof. Psychology and Spiritual Formation in Dialogue: Moral and Spiritual Change in Christian Perspective. IVP Academic, 2019. See here to purchase the book.
This book is about the intersection between psychology and Christian
spiritual formation. In this review, I will comment on each essay.
“Spiritual Theology: When Psychology and Theology in the Spirit Service Faith,” by John H. Coe.
This chapter starts strong, with a story about a person who is told
by a pastor to pray more, to put off anger, and not to worry. The person
responds that he knows about that and has tried doing it, but it does
not work for him. As far as I can recall, the chapter did not revisit
this issue. Still, it offers a compelling summary of St. John of the
Cross’s “Dark Knight of the Soul,” with its descriptions of desolation
and consolation. It also offers a biblical defense of psychology,
treating it as part of the human wisdom to which the Bible and
historical Christianity have been open.
“Is Spiritual Formation More Cultural Than Theo-Anthropological? An Ongoing Dialogue,” by James M. Houston.
A solid intellectual chapter, as it compares European and American
Christianity in their emphases, discusses postmodern conceptions of the
self, and engages Ignatian spiritual formation and Rene Girard. The
conclusion may be a bit obvious: people need metanoia. But the journey
is intellectually rich.
“‘End of Faith as Its Beginning’: A Christ-Centered Developmental Spirituality,” by Bruce Hindmarsh.
It just seemed to me that this chapter couched a basic point in a lot
of advanced language: humans are made in God’s image, and there is more
to them than what science can discern.
“Living ‘Before God’: A Kierkegaardian View of Spirituality,” by C. Stephen Evans.
This is one of the few down-to-earth essays in this book. It talks
about Kierkegaard’s view on reading Scripture. Kierkegaard strikes me as
rather legalistic, and the chapter would have been better had it
addressed Kierkegaard’s own misanthropy, and how he may have reconciled
that with the biblical imperative to love one’s neighbor. Still, the
chapter summarizes Kierkegaard’s intriguing point that reading Scripture
in community can be an attempt to shield ourselves from the personal
conviction that reading Scripture can bring. That is refreshing, in
light of the contemporary emphasis on communitarianism.
“Beyond Resilience, Posttraumatic Growth, and Self-Care: A Biblical
Perspective on Suffering and Christian Spiritual Formation,” by
Siang-Yang Tan.
The point of this chapter seems to be that therapy often seeks to
remove or lessen suffering, whereas the Bible depicts suffering as a
possible pathway to spiritual growth, depending on one’s response to it.
This is a question worth addressing. Speaking personally, I feel that I
do well to take anti-depressants instead of relying solely on prayer
and Bible reading (not that the author suggests otherwise); they
complement each other, and it makes me more tolerable to be around.
“Seeking the Tropological Import of Psalm 35,” by Ellen T. Charry.
There is not much here that I have not encountered before: the imprecatory Psalms are a cry for divine justice.
“On Specks and Planks: Psychotherapy, Spiritual Formation, and Moral Judgment,” by Earl D. Bland.
What enhanced this chapter was the case study. A Catholic named
William does not think his wife is traditional enough, and he is
understanding towards virtually everyone except his own wife. They work
on their issues.
“Queen of the Virtues and King of the Vices: Graced Gratitude and Disgraced Ingratitude,” by Robert A. Emmons.
Basically, we should be grateful rather than seeing good things as our due and taking them for granted.
“Relational Spirituality, Differentiation, and Mature Alterity,” by Steven J. Sandage, David R. Paine, and Jonathan Morgan.
This on page 191 caught my eye: “Bonhoeffer spoke to this dialectic
in saying the person who cannot be alone is not ready for community, and
the person who cannot be in community is not ready to be alone.” How to
move towards this state of wholeness is an excellent question. The
quote rubs me the wrong way, but it also is refreshing in light of some
of the pat answers that I have heard. Some say to loners: “You need to
rejoice in being alone—by learning to be by yourself, you are developing
a self that can be in community.” Well, that makes me feel better about
being alone, but things do not necessarily work that way. Being alone
for a long period of time can hinder one from having the skills to fit
into communities.
“Cultivating the Fruit of the Spirit: Contributions of Positive
Psychology to Spiritual Formation,” by Everett L. Worthington, Jr.,
Brandon J. Griffin, and Caroline R. Lavelock.
This chapter illustrates that being around generous,
socially-concerned people can make us more generous and
socially-concerned. Or at least we will try to act the part when we are
around them!
“Born to Relate: In Trauma, in Transformation, in Transcendence,” by Marie T. Hoffman.
This chapter has a case study about a couple that learns empathy towards each other.
“Give Up Childish Ways or Receive the Kingdom Like a Child? Spiritual
Formation from a Developmental Psychology Perspective,” by Justin L.
Barrett.
This is the best chapter in the book. It talks about the
cross-cultural awareness of the spiritual in children. It seems to
associate the fruit of the Spirit with familial or tribal loyalty,
treating political liberals as deficient because they supposedly lack
that. I did not care much for that point and question how biblical it
is, considering the biblical writings that challenge the societies of
their day. This chapter does well, though, to address the question of
how psychology and the Holy Spirit can interact. The book as a whole
would have been better had it done that more, and in greater depth. I
agree that people’s identity as agents is preserved once they become
Christian: they are not automatons. At the same time, if people can
become better through psychological means, or through doing spiritual
practices, where does spiritual transformation from the Holy Spirit fit
into the picture?
I apologize if I misinterpreted or missed the point of any of these contributions.
I received a complimentary copy of this book from the publisher. My review is honest.