Here are some items on church Sunday morning. I went to the LCMS church.
A. It was Epiphany, so the theme was the magi and light. In the
children’s part of the service, the pastor talked about how the magi
were Gentiles, and thus were not part of God’s chosen people Israel.
They had no business seeing the Messiah, but God brought them to see him
anyway. The pastor also talked with the kids about how they could be
lights: by helping a person who lost her shoes to find them, etc. In the
sermon, one point that the pastor made was that God does God’s best
work in the midst of darkness, and that should encourage us as we cope
with our own spiritual darkness: our desire, like Herod, to be in
charge. The magi went to see the Christ child at night, which was a
dangerous time on account of the highwaymen.
B. The church started a six-week Sunday school class, taught by the
professor who has taught classes there before. This class is about the
Bible: the production of books in antiquity, the canon, infallibility,
issues like that.
The teacher referred to Martial, a Roman poet in the first century
CE, who said that his poems were being written on a codex, which was
handy for people who wanted to carry his book of poems around with them.
Before that point, the codex was largely for note-taking, not for
literature. Christians would begin using the codex instead of the
costly, heavy scrolls, and the codex largely supplanted scrolls in the
fourth century C.E., when Christians gained political power. A question
the teacher raised was why Christians gravitated towards the codex. Some
of the conventional answers—that it is cheaper to replace a mistake in
a codex than in a scroll—are inaccurate, because it is actually simpler
and cheaper to correct an error in a scroll. The teacher also gave a
run-down on scrolls. The Pentateuch is on one scroll. The Twelve
Prophets are on another. But most scrolls were not that big: they were
about three yards. The teacher also said that the literacy rate was low,
and most reading was done aloud: the TV shows in which a slave reads a
letter aloud to a Roman general are more accurate than ones in which the
Roman general reads the letter to himself. Private reading still
occurred among the elites, and silent reading was not completely unheard
of, though it was rare enough that it puzzled someone when Augustine
did it. The teacher also talked about how there was no copyright back
then: people could copy things any way they wished; that is why books
threatened people, with divine penalty, not to alter the book. Books
were also copied by hand. The teacher said that the need for a canon
related to theology, on some level, but it also had to do with
economics, as Christians could only spend so many resources on the
production of books.
That is somewhat of a run-on paragraph, I know. I am also aware that
some scholars have maintained that there was more literacy in antiquity
than has been conventionally thought. I have not read that literature in
depth. The questions would be “How literate?”, “How widespread?”
Scrolls were costly to produce, and, when they were the primary game in
town when it came to books, that probably meant that few people read
literature.