I read four Bible verses each day in Hebrew and Greek. Right now, I
am in the Book of Ezekiel. I have been reading the Masoretic Text and
the Septuagint for that book. I read it on my BibleWorks, which is less
time-consuming because I do not have to plow through lexicons.
I
came across something interesting today. In Ezekiel 28:12-17, the King
of Tyre is being addressed, but he is being likened to someone in Eden,
the Garden of God. This figure in Eden was beautiful, until iniquity
was found in him.
The view that I got
growing up and in churches is that this figure in Eden was Satan.
According to this view, Satan was once an angel named Lucifer, but he
rebelled against God and became Satan.
The view that I heard in biblical scholarship was that the figure in Eden in Exodus 28:12-17 was Adam.
In
terms of this difference of opinion, a lot hinges on the meaning of
Ezekiel 28:16. The King James Version and the New Revised Standard
Version translate this verse differently.
The KJV has:
"By
the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee
with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast thee as
profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy thee, O covering
cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire."
Here, the figure in Eden is called a "covering cherub." That is more consistent with the "Satan" interpretation.
The NRSV, by contrast, has:
"In
the abundance of your trade you were filled with violence, and you
sinned; so I cast you as a profane thing from the mountain of God, and
the guardian cherub drove you out from among the stones of fire."
Here,
the figure in Eden is not the cherub. Rather, the figure is cast out
by a cherub. This is more consistent with the "Adam" interpretation.
It may be an allusion to Genesis 3:24, in which cherubim guard the
Garden of Eden and the Tree of Life.
Which translation is correct? Well, each seems to follow a specific version.
The
KJV appears to follow the Masoretic Text. The MT has "and I will
destroy you, cherub, the one covering, from the midst of stones of fire"
(my translation).
The NRSV, however, follows the Septuagint, which has "and the cherub led you from the midst of fiery stones" (my translation).
A
reason that many scholars may shy away from the "Satan" interpretation is
that they do not want to read later ideas about the fall of Lucifer into
the Hebrew Bible. Perhaps, though, a case can be made for some version
of the "Satan" interpretation, from a historical-critical standpoint.
Maybe the figure in Eden in Ezekiel 28:16 is the serpent in the Garden
of Eden, not Adam. A serpent in the ancient world could have been
considered a cherub. J.J.M. Roberts, in his comments on Isaiah 6:2 in
the HarperCollins Study Bible, states that the seraphim in that
verse are "winged cobras (14.29; 30:6) often represented in Egyptian
art, in association with Syro-Phoenician thrones, and on Israelite seals
with wings outstretched to protect the deity."
The author of
Ezekiel 28 could have regarded the serpent in Genesis 3 as that: a
beautiful serpent cherub who decided to oppose the will of God by
tempting Eve in the Garden of Eden. The author of Ezekiel 28 may be
comparing the prideful King of Tyre with the serpent.
That
does not mean that one should read too much about Satan into Ezekiel
28. The author of Ezekiel 28 did not necessarily regard the serpent as a
long-standing archenemy of God throughout history. That kind of
picture hardly ever appears in the Hebrew Bible, and it may have entered
Judaism in Israel's exilic or post-exilic period, under the influence
of Zoroastrian dualism. Plus, the Satan in the Hebrew Bible is
considered by many biblical scholars to be a prosecuting attorney rather
than God's arch-enemy. Still, Ezekiel 28 may be referring to a
renegade cherub who strayed from the will of God.