William J. Bouwsma. John Calvin: A Sixteenth Century Portrait. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
I
found this book at my local public library, and I checked it out
because I figured that I needed to increase and solidify my knowledge
about the Protestant Reformation. The book was not entirely what I
expected, since I was anticipating a thorough discussion of John
Calvin's life, including the political and religious forces that were at
work in his time. Instead, the book spent one chapter on Calvin's
life, and the rest of the book was devoted to his thoughts on religious
and political issues.
I'm not sure if I know John Calvin more now
that I have read this book. Let me say that I do and I don't. I do in
the sense that I learned about what Calvin thought about various
issues. If a book mentions John Calvin's critical thoughts about Henry
VIII, then it is definitely a book worth reading, in my humble opinion!
But, because the book breezed through Calvin's life, I felt rather
deprived.
After reading this book, I can't really tell you why
John Calvin became a Protestant. There do appear to be similarities
between Calvin and Martin Luther: both had stern fathers who wanted them
to enter law, yet they ultimately chose a religious path. But I can
understand why Luther took the religious and spiritual path that he did:
Luther joined the monastery because he was afraid of God, and he came
to be disappointed with Catholicism because he felt guilty and depressed
within that system, and so Luther found personal liberation when he
accepted justification by grace through faith alone. I do not see those
kinds of fireworks with Calvin. Perhaps it's not Bouwsma's fault that
his book lacks those sorts of details, for Bouwsma argues that Calvin
tended to downplay the importance of immediate conversions, stating that
"Calvin always emphasized the gradualness rather than the suddenness of
conversion" (page 11). Some have appealed to Calvin's preface to his
commentary on the Psalms as Calvin's account of his own conversion (see here),
but Bouwsma does not give that a whole lot of weight, for Calvin did
not discuss his conversion before, plus the account leaves out important
details (i.e., how Calvin arrived at the beliefs that he did). Maybe
it's not Bouwsma's fault that I feel that I don't know much about Calvin
after reading his book, for Bouwsma may be working with the material
that he had. As Bouwsma said, "Calvin was generally reticent about
himself" (page 10).
In terms of Calvin's thought, what I saw as I
read Bouwsma's book was a lot of tension. You had the conservative,
rigid, authoritarian, dogmatic Calvin, and the republican Calvin who was
understanding of people's flaws and the diversity of humanity,
championed the poor, criticized the rich and powerful, and actually
struggled with the Bible rather than accepting it without question
(though he did believe that he was accepting it, notwithstanding his
rather liberal interpretations of certain passages). Obviously, I found
the latter Calvin to be much more endearing, even though I (as an
Aspie) was somewhat drawn to the methodical approach of the former
Calvin. And yet I wondered: Who was the real Calvin? Will the real
John Calvin please stand up? Can one person have such contradictory
beliefs and tendencies within him?
In the conclusion to his book,
Bouwsma tries to account for the tensions within Calvin. He portrays
Calvin as a bridge between the medieval and the Renaissance, with the
conservative, authoritarian, philosophical Calvin reflecting the
medieval, and the humanistic, understanding, republican Calvin
reflecting the Renaissance. But what were Calvin's true beliefs? Did
Calvin want to embrace the trends of the future, yet felt obligated to aspects of the past? Did Calvin feel that he had
to embrace the trends of the future for his message to go anywhere? I
got both impressions as I was reading Bouwsma's book. And yet, I
believe that Bouwsma thinks that even some of the tensions within Calvin
were rooted in what Calvin truly felt. Bouwsma depicts Calvin as one
who was insecure about life----Calvin aptly noted that there were so
many things in life that could kill a person in the next minute----and
Calvin was seeking order. Calvin may have found peace in his ideas
about God's sovereignty and predestination (even though he wrestled with
that doctrine). Calvin wanted order, and yet there were times when
Calvin recognized that life was messy: that authorities are not always
fair, that not all people can be forced into a mold, and that certain
doctrines were not obvious to everyone.
I found Bouwsma's book to
be worth reading, largely because I find Calvin and his thoughts to be
fascinating. I like Calvin more than I like many Calvinists! A
criticism that I have of Bouwsma's book, however, is that I wish that he
had gone into more detail about the impact of humanism on Calvin's
thought. Bouwsma probably feels that he went into a lot of detail about
that already, and I can see why he (or a reader) might think that he
did: Bouwsma has a chapter that discusses Calvin's views about
rhetoric! But I felt that there was something missing: How can humanism
(in this case, reading and studying sources in their original
languages) shape a person's religious views, such that he becomes a
Protestant (not that this is inevitable, for there were humanist
Catholics)? I don't think that I can fully answer this question after
reading Bouwsma's book, even though I get the impression that Bouwsma
(on some level) was trying to address it. Bouwsma did an excellent job
relating Calvin's thought to Greek philosophy (i.e., skepticism, reason
being above the passions, pagan optimism about the human potential for
good, etc.), and, in that sense, he demonstrated how Calvin's scholastic
endeavors and reading of sources could have shaped his theology. But
I'm ultimately less than satisfied. Perhaps my problem is that I wish
that Bouwsma had organized the information a bit differently: that he
had briefly summarized at the outset what humanism was, and what its
ideological implications could have been.
But this is a good book, and it has a lot of pearls within it!