For my weekly quiet time this week, I will blog about Psalm 93.
The
Septuagint says that Psalm 93 was for the day before the Sabbath, when
the land was made habitable. Augustine believes that this relates to
creation, whereas Marvin Tate refers to another view that it concerns
the return of Israel from exile. Either way, Psalm 93 is about God
ruling as king even though there are threatening floods and mighty
waters. Creation is relevant to this theme, for a significant part of
God's act of creation was taming the waters so that there could be an
orderly cosmos, and even after creation God restrains the waters from
wreaking havoc (Job 28:11; Psalm 24:2; 74:14-15). While Genesis
1 tones down the motif of God battling chaotic waters to create a
cosmos (a motif that is in the Babylonian creation story, Enuma Elish),
God's limitation of the waters still seems to play a role in there being
life on earth. In Genesis 1, God separates the waters above
from the waters beneath. In P's flood story, it was the unleashing of
the waters that were above and their combination with the waters beneath
that led to the Flood, which destroyed humanity (Genesis 7:11). In short, removing the limits on water results in cosmic destruction.
But the waters in Psalm 93 can also be symbolic of troubles and enemies.
The Psalmist often describes his troubles or his afflictions at the
hands of his enemies as waters (Psalm 18:16; 32:6; 69:1), and Tate
mentions examples of the Hebrew Bible portraying the nations that are
hostile against Israel and her God as waters (Isaiah 17:12; 51:9-15;
Jeremiah 6:23; 50:52; cf. Psalm 2). Psalm 93 may be expressing the
Psalmist's hope that, in the same way that God became king or
demonstrated kingship by taming the waters of chaos, so likewise God
would establish order by restraining or defeating Israel's enemies
(unless the Psalmist is rejoicing that God has already done so!).
Psalm
93:5 states (in the King James Version): "Thy testimonies are very
sure: holiness becometh thine house, O LORD, for ever." What does that
have to do with God as the creative tamer of the chaotic waters?
Regarding the house of God, in Enuma Elish (and I think other ancient
Near Eastern tales as well) the creator god's defeat of watery chaos
preceded his habitation of a palace. We see a similar idea in
Exodus 15:17, the Song of the Sea: God has defeated the waters and God's
enemies, and now God will dwell in a sanctuary. The
Temple----which is holy because God dwells therein----may be relevant to
God's battle with chaos because God dwells in the Temple after
defeating the forces of destruction. Or, alternatively, perhaps the
idea is that God dwells in the Temple as ruler, and so Israel need not
fear any enemies that will come against her, for she has God in her
midst!
What about God's testimonies being sure? How does that
pertain to God's battle against chaos? There are at least three views
on this. First, I was going through my notes that I took during Stephen
Geller's class on the Book of Psalms at Jewish Theological Seminary,
and I saw that Geller referred to the view that the word translated as
testimonies (eidotecha) is actually from the Hebrew word adi,
which means ornaments----the idea meaning that the regalia that God
wears as king are very sure. That would fit the overall theme of Psalm
93----that God is or has become king. Second, Tate refers to the view
that the testimonies are the traditions of God's salvation history, and
he cites Deuteronomy 4:45 and 6:20. This would coincide with the
overall theme of Psalm 93, for did not God throughout Israel's salvation
history act as king by defeating the forces that threatened God's
people? Yet, I'm not convinced that the testimonies in Deuteronomy 4:45
and 6:20 refer to salvation traditions rather than laws. Third, the
testimonies could mean laws, which is what they are in Psalm 119 and
other passages. Tate states that Psalm 93:5 relates to Psalm
93:1-4 because God's "guidance for human conduct has proved true and
reliable----as stable as the throne of God and the earth."
I
wish I could agree that the laws that are attributed to God in the
Bible are true and reliable. For example, the Bible's prohibition on
homosexual activity has resulted in a lot of pain for many people with a
homosexual orientation, and that leads me to question whether every
single stipulation in the Bible results in human well-being. But there
are many laws contained in the Bible that are conducive to human
order----such as the ban on murder and theft (principles that other
cultures contain as well).
Moreover, does God truly tame chaos?
Perhaps we can see evidence that God does. For instance, Hitler was
defeated. And there is a degree of progress in certain societies, as
old prejudices and tyrannies are discarded. And yet, evil still
remains. Some may even feel that evil is more powerful than good in
today's world. But there are people who still move forward with
hope----hope that we will have the sort of Sabbath rest that may be the
topic of Psalm 93.